Graphic by 7iber (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)
In a state of secrecy and lack of transparency, Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas recently approved [1] a new cybercrime law that further tightens the noose on Palestinians’ freedom of expression and privacy online.
Palestinian media and civil society organizations have slammed [2] the new law and called for its immediate freeze until it is publicly debated and amended. The Palestinian Journalists Syndicate, the Independent Committee for Human Rights and the Palestinian Center for Development and Media Freedoms, among others, have protested [3] the approval of this law given its dangerous implications on Palestinian civil and political freedoms.
The law was prepared discreetly and approved on 24 June 2017 without holding prior discussions with Palestinian civil society organizations and internet service providers. Two weeks later, it was published and enacted with immediate effect as stipulated by the law's Article 61, breaking away from the legal tradition of leaving 30 days before a new law becomes active. Since the Palestinian Legislative Council was shut down [4] in 2007 due to political division, President Mahmoud Abbas has abused his legislative power, which according to the Palestinian Basic Law allows him to approve laws only in case of emergencies.
The new law [5] regulates online transactions, media websites and social networking sites, outlining a number of “cybercrimes” [6] that can be punished by up to 15 years in prison or hard labor for life. While it lists a few cybercrimes that should be fought at all costs such as sextortion, fiscal fraud, and identity theft, it also gives the public prosecutor's office unlimited powers to surveil Palestinian citizens, intercept their online communications, and arrest them for airing their opinions and political views online.
Social Media Exchange [7](SMEX), which maintains a database [8] on laws that affect digital rights in the Arab world, highlighted in a statement [9] three of the law's highly problematic articles that threaten free speech online and civil and political rights:
- Article 51 of the law states that, “if a crime is committed online and harms ‘national unity’ or ‘social harmony,’ it will be punishable” by hard labor, ranging between three and 15 years, a sentence impacting all those who partook in the crime.
- Articles 32 mandates internet service providers to cooperate with security agencies by collecting, storing, and sharing users’ information data for at least three years, in addition to blocking any website on the orders of the judiciary.
- Article 40 allows the Attorney General or one of his assistants to request the court to issue an order to block any website within 24 hours.
- Article 16 states that anyone who violates ‘public manners’ online could be sentenced to prison for one year, or fined up to 7,000 USD, or both.
- Article 20 similarly punishes any internet user that owns or manages a website that publishes “news that endanger state safety, its public order, or internal or external security.” Anyone who shares these news could be imprisoned for a year or fined up to around 1,400 USD.
- Article 31 outlaws any attempt to bypass website blocking or use any system or app to access a blocked website.
- Articles 35 mandates the court to give the Public Prosecutor's office the right to monitor and record online communications as well as obtaining any log-in data it deems necessary for investigations.
Furthermore, the enforcement of this law extends to outside of the judicial borders of the Palestinian Authority territories and allows for the prosecution of Palestinians living abroad in case they have committed a “cybercrime” as per the definition of the law. This constitutes an imminent threat on Palestinian political activists who are based abroad but have a very wide influence on social media at home. The law does not specify whether the authorities would seek to extradite Palestinians based abroad for committing a cybercrime.