Some of the secular writers killed in recent years in Bangladesh. From top left clockwise: Faisal Arefin Dipan, Shafiul Islam, Oyasiqur Rahman Babu, Rajib Haider, Avijit Roy and Ananta Bijoy Das.

Ten Bangladeshis have been killed since November 2014 for their progressive and secular views: Rajshahi University professors AKM Shafiul Islam and Rezaul Karim Siddique; literary publisher Faisal Arefin Dipan; law student Nazimuddin Samad;  Xulhaz Mannan, editor of Bangladesh's first LGBT magazine, and theatre activist Mahbub Rabbi Tonoy; and bloggers Avijit Roy, Oyasiqur Rahman Babu, Ananta Bijoy Das and Niloy Neel.

Bangladesh, a Muslim-majority country, is officially secular. But people who have challenged religion have repeatedly been targeted by Islamic extremists in the past decade. For bloggers, intellectuals and writers who have openly criticized religious conservatism in their writings, the consequences have become increasingly deadly.

Shahbag protest in Dhaka, Bangladesh, February 2013. Photo by Zakir Hossain Chowdhury © Copyright Demotix (Feb 26, 2013)

A small cohort of secular, pro-human rights bloggers rose to prominence in Bangladesh in 2013 as key drivers of a massive protest movement, demanding the death penalty for war crimes committed during Bangladesh's liberation from Pakistan in 1971. Hundreds of thousands came together to occupy Shahbag Square, an intersection at the heart of the capital city of Dhaka.

The accused war criminals were all linked to Islamist political parties, and some even served in government. Protesters sought death penalty punishments for criminals due in large part to the relative impunity that convicted criminals tend to receive in Bangladesh. Without the finality of a death sentence, citizens feared that convicted war criminals could in fact return to power.

As the Shahbag movement gained steam, many protesters also started demanding an outright ban on religious politics.

Is free thinking becoming fatal in Bangladesh?

Soon, a systematic campaign to malign and brand key Shahbag bloggers as anti-Muslim and atheists began. A leading Bengali daily Amardesh published a series of inflammatory articles featuring selective excerpts from several blogs written by Shahbag protesters, which stripped their writings of context and accused them of blasphemy.

Blogger Ahmed Rajib Haider, who was at the forefront of the Shahbag movement and wrote frequently about religious fundamentalism in Bangladesh, was hacked to death outside his home in Dhaka on February 15, 2013.

In March 2013, at the height of #Shahbag protests, a group of conservative Muslim clerics submitted a list of 84 names of bloggers to a special government committee, accusing the bloggers of “atheism” and writing against Islam.

Allama Al Shafi, the leader of the prominent Islamist coalition Hefazat Islam, which has over 35,000 members and has been fighting against secular education in Bangladesh since 2010, openly stated that many bloggers are “apostates” and should be “killed”.

During this period of extreme tension, government officials blocked critical websites and arrested multiple bloggers from the list. In parallel, some right-leaning leaders were also arrested.

‘These bloody days are becoming a norm’

Bangladesh is a non-religious parliamentary democracy, which means there is no Sharia or blasphemy law. People who identify as atheists have the same rights as other citizens. The right to free expression is also enshrined by Bangladesh’s constitution and international human rights doctrine to which Bangladesh is party.

Section 57 of Bangladesh's IT Act criminalizes “publishing fake, obscene or defaming information in electronic form.” Under the country's penal code, any person who has a “deliberate” or “malicious” intention of “hurting religious sentiments” can be prosecuted.

About eight years before the Shahbag protests, the country’s Supreme Court made a big move to reiterate Bangladesh’s commitment to secularism: it restored a ban on religion-based politics, isolating Islamist parties from official participation in national politics. In 2010, the Election Commission of Bangladesh asked the three religion-based parties — Jamaat-e-Islami, Bangladesh Khelafat Andolan, and Tarikat Federation — to amend their charters if they wanted to contest in the elections. The largest religious party, Jamaat-e-Islami, took their case to the High Court. On August 1, 2013, the court ruled that Jamaat-e-Islami was unfit to run in the election because its charter puts religious beliefs above democratic process.

However, in more recent years, the government, the judiciary, and police forces have taken no significant measures to deter extremists from targeting the bloggers and the publishers.

Rafida Ahmed Bonya, the wife of murdered blogger Avijit Roy, who lost part of her hand in the brutal attack that ended in her husband's death, called the situation “dire” while speaking to a UN panel called “Ending Impunity for Crimes against Journalists” in November 2015:

These bloody days are becoming a norm […] We are living in a country where the bloggers, writer, journalists, do not feel safe to express their views anymore.

Many bloggers have stopping writing and some have gone into hiding. Some of the country's most active bloggers now fear they may face jail or will die at the hands of the assailants. Some under threat have left the country.

Stay with Global Voices for continued coverage.

• In Bangladesh, Extremists Use Social and Mainstream Media Data to Target Victims (9 May 2016)

• Xulhaz Mannan, an LGBT Activist in Bangladesh, Is the Latest Victim in a String of Brutal Killings (26 April 2016)

• A University Professor Is Hacked to Death, Another Victim of Deadly Intolerance in Bangladesh (25 April 2016)

• Secular Activist Targeted and Killed in Bangladesh (7 April 2016)

• No, Bangladesh's High Court Didn't Uphold Islam as State Religion (1 April 2016)

• Bangladeshi Authorities Arrest Publisher and Shut Down Book Fair Booth for ‘Hurting Religious Sentiments’ (16 February 2016)

• Why I Went Into Exile: A Bangladeshi Blogger Tells His Story (26 January 2016)

• Bangladesh Book Publishers Suffer Fatal Attacks in Wake of Blogger Killings (31 October 2015)

• Netizen Report: Authorities Finally Take Action on Bangladesh Blogger Killings (20 August 2015)

• Bangladesh Police Chief Tells Bloggers, “Don't Cross the Line” (13 August 2015)

• “No Country For Secular Bloggers”: Niloy Neel is the Fourth Bangladeshi Blogger Killed in 2015 (7 August 2015)

• Bangladesh Activists Have Little Faith in Blogger Murder Investigations (10 July 2015)

• STATEMENT: Global Voices Calls for Safety of Bangladesh Bloggers (21 May 2015)

• Netizen Report: Are Blogger Assassinations Becoming Routine in Bangladesh? (14 May 2015)

• Ananta Bijoy Das Becomes Third Blogger Killed This Year in Bangladesh (13 May 2015)

• Netizen Report: Two Bangladeshi Bloggers Assassinated for Critical Speech (2 April 2015)

• Another Blogger Hacked to Death: Is Free Thinking Becoming Fatal in Bangladesh? (31 March 2015)

• Bangladeshi-American Blogger Hacked to Death in Dhaka (27 February 2015)

• University Teacher Unpopular with Islamist Hardliners is Killed in Bangladesh (21 November 2014)

• Critics Fear Bangladesh's New Media Monitoring Policy Will Stifle Free Expression (25 August 2014)

• Bangladesh's ICT Act Stoops to New Lows (2013 September 2013)

• Bangladesh: Global Voices Condemns Assault on Bloggers (6 April 2013)

• Accused of Blasphemy, Three Bloggers Detained in Bangladesh 2 April 2013)

• Bangladesh Authorities Go After Bloggers, Claim They Are ‘Anti-Muslim’ (1 April 2013)

• Global Voices Special Coverage Series on Bangladesh's #Shahbag Protests